Battle of Waterloo Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Skirmish of Waterloo - Research Paper Example Since the accomplishment of such a goal is infrequently possible in common sense, albeit hypothetically conceivable, the hypothesis of fighting endeavors to educate and figure the ethical factors, for example, the missteps which the foe is probably going to make; or the impression which can be made to threaten the adversary powers. Composed right around two centuries back, by a famous Prussian mastermind and scholar, Carl von Cluausewitz, these exceptionally dubious yet oft refered to set of standards regularly alluded to as the Standards of War present a complete outline of the strategies and methodologies that can be utilized during war. These standards have end up being exceptionally successful throughout the years, and are received by countries around the world, inferable from reality that they include all the good just as mental parts of fighting (Clausewitz, Graham, 2008). This paper on Principles of War: Battle of Waterloo talks about and investigates the nine standards of war with respect to and as applied in the Battle of Waterloo. The Battle of Waterloo: Brief Overview The Battle of Waterloo was battled between the Imperial French armed force told by Emperor Napoleon and the Seventh Coalition - which included an Anglo-partnered armed force directed by the Duke of Wellington; and the Prussian armed force instructed by Gebhard von Blucher. It was battled on June 18, 1815 close to Waterloo which is in present-day Belgium. Napoleon’s armed force was crushed by the joined powers for example the Seventh Coalition and the Anglo-Allied armed force, and is viewed as verifiable since it denoted the finish of Napoleon’s dictator rule, and his hundred days of come back from banish (BBC History, 2011). The fight was authentic since the relentless French ruler and military pioneer Napoleon’s rule reached a sudden conclusion after his annihilation on account of the consolidated armed forces drove by the British, German, Belgian, Dutch and the Pr ussians. The standards of war talked about in the accompanying area, means to talk about, inspect, and dissect the different techniques utilized by the consolidated powers against Napoleon’s armed force, that in the end prompted his fall. The nine standards of war: 1. The Principle of Objective: â€Å"No one beginnings a warâ€or rather, nobody in his faculties should do soâ€without first being clear in quite a while mind what he means to accomplish by that war and how he expects to lead it†. Karl Von Clausewitz (in Mahnken and Maiolo, 2008, pp. 2) The rule of target alludes to the crucial motivation behind the war/military activity, which must be obviously recognized, characterized and accomplished in a compelling way. The two gatherings associated with the fight included Napoleon’s armed force on one hand, and the united powers containing the British, the Belgians, the Germans, and the Prussians on the other. The fundamental goal of Napoleon was to procee d with his increase and predominance, and reestablish his capacity after his outcast, in the year 1815 and to overcome the unified European powers which had started to reassemble their armed forces in an offer to topple Napoleon’s rule. Napoleon’s objective was to devastate the endeavors of the partnered powers, keep them from increasing more help and extending their current alliance, and annihilate the British, Prussian, Dutch, and Belgian militaries before they could accumulate more help and help from different forces. Then again, the essential goal of the partnered powers was to stop the emperor’s (Napoleon’s) promotion, and topple him and accordingly carry an end to his rule by overcoming him and to end his despot rule as the ruler of France. 2. The guideline of Offensive: This standard involves the maintenance, seizing of and abusing the activities of the foe by propelling a hostile

Rhetorical Analysis Of An Advertisement Essay Example For Students

Expository Analysis Of An Advertisement Essay CEMETORYCemetery is the last serene spot for our fretful spirits. It is the spot of our last end. It isn't only a position of gravestone and grave, it is the graveyard of our affection ones. At the point when I visited the burial ground just because. The primary thing I saw was the headstones and the graves. A few graves had bloom on them. Barely any trees were dispersed toss out the land. I heard the breeze as it goes through the headstones and made murmuring sound. I felt quietness and tranquility in this limited region, which was braced by imperceptible wall. In contrast to different spots, the connection to the outside world was pattern here. As I stayed there I started to see something else about this spot. I saw history of humankind being covered here. I wandered through the burial ground. I attempted to locate a most seasoned grave. I happened upon a grave, the date on it was 1899 which wasnt the most established grave contrast with the other gravestone I ran over. What strikes me the most was the age of its tenant. The headstone read, 1894-1899I am five years oldIt gave me the feeling of mortality. The headstone may be more than 200 years of age, however the young lady was still give years old. In any case how old I got throughout the following not many years. The young lady will consistently be five years of age. She was undying. Time stopped for her. Graveyard holds the historical backdrop of the individuals being covered there. We battle all through our live. We despise one another, based on the shade of our skin, our race and our religion. We commend our vengeance as most intense as possible. We annihilate so as to flourish. Be that as it may, individuals here were in harmony. My mom consistently disclosed to me the tale of Sikinder-e-Azam. He is referred to western world as Alexander the-incredible. She disclosed to me how he vanquishes the world and how ground-breaking he was. In any case, when he kicked the bucket on the outskirt of Persia he didn't take anything with him. He entered his grave with void hands. He is lying in his grave simply like every other person, calmly. The burial ground consistently helped me the realty to remember life. Life is short and we as a whole beyond words, so it is an amazing piece cycle. Each asking has its consummation and we ought to consistently recollect that. Life exists just for a porti on in time. At long last the existence that we loved so mush just sells out us. The passing that we made a decent attempt to keep away from, takes English

Schedilemmas

Schedilemmas Three days before classes start, I woke up at 7:09 AM, ran 6 miles, discovered three new species of granola in an unexplored section of the pantry, preheated an oven to the wrong temperature in Fahrenheit but exactly the right temperature in Kelvin (on accident), took a partial derivative, tossed up a pan of granola flatbread, studied experimental bacon physics for six finger-scalding hours in preparation for an all-bacon dinner for 40 people, packed two suitcases, moved from pika into Random Hall, walked back to pika anyway, drank two cups of black tea, gave tours of pikas revamped drawbridge-accessible treehouse, crawled onto the cold-tiled roof, and stared at the thick haze of light pollution overhead until I was stuffed with numbness and murky starlight. Lately Ive been tracing a trajectory through the last week of summer that curves just short of preparations for the impending semester. Behold, the death of 3-month vacation heralded by this monstrosity of Google calendarism: [See legend at end of post to decode course numbers.] [Professor Nergis, whose last name is gentle to neither pronunciation nor spelling, is my academic advisor.] This is my class schedule for Fall 09. Theres eight courses spread over a 120-hour canvas; Ill probably drop three of them so that I dont go to bed weeping tears of angst every night. One of MITs masochist-friendly policies is that upperclassmen are free to register for every single class offered at the Institvte if they should desire a GPA of 0.2/5.0 or so. Conventional wisdom for the indecisive is that you should sign up for all the classes worthy of consideration and then progressively trim the fat from your course load until you can swallow your weekly serving of credit hours. For instance, my dilemma right now is choosing between 18.100B (Introduction to Analysis) and 8.07 (Electricity Magnetism II). Tortured by a soul-ripping conflict between studying rigorous math and learning where MIT keeps its prodigious supply of educational solenoids, I turned to my ex-roommate, Katelyn (a devout math major who watches Jeopardy, not that this is relevant). Y: Should I take 8.07 or 18.100B? K: Math! Y: I dont know if I want to be hosed trying to prove that 1+1 does not equal the set of irrational numbers greater than Australia. Later that night- K: Math is the dressing that makes physics taste better. Y: But18.100B is like mayonnaise. It doesnt even go on the salad, unless the salad is potato salad. Y: By “potato”, I mean “theoretical,” and by “salad,” I mean “physics.” K: How do you know adding mayonnaise wont help the taste of say, a lettuce salad? It may surprise you. Y: Hey Katelyn. That sounds delicious. Y: By delicious, I mean “gross,” and by “Hey Katelyn,” I mean “Thats the last time I ever invite you to a potluck.” Shortly after- K: Your salad right now has too much lettuce. It needs garnish. Y: Yeah, well, your salad isnt even a salad. Its like a condiment bar. Y: If youre taking applied math this term, maybe it has some tomatoes. On the bright side, pika rush* coincides with the first week of school, injecting sunbursts of stressless creativity into a greyish schedule. Who can resist cheesemaking lessons on Registration Day, followed by an all-night Dr. Who marathon? Nobody, thats Who. *At MIT, the first week of school is reserved for fraternity/sorority/independent living group recruitment. Although freshmen must live on campus, the rush period gives freshmen the opportunity to explore non-dorm housing options for their future years at MIT as various living groups grapple to outsplurge each other on steak and lobster dinners to attract ramen-acclimated visitors. pika inexplicably prefers to shell out for esoteric items like granola and organic nut butters. Probably half of last nights dinner budget was converted into pureed cashews. My actual schedule for this week: Legend: 18.303- The classical partial differential equations of applied mathematics: diffusion, Laplace/Poisson, and wave equations. Methods of solution, such as separation of variables, Fourier series and transforms, eigenvalue problems. Greens function methods are emphasized. 18.04 or 18.112 are useful, as well as previous acquaintance with the equations as they arise in scientific applications. [I dropped this class because of a last-minute lecture time change by the course administrators.] 18.100B- Fundamentals of mathematical analysis: convergence of sequences and series, continuity, differentiability, Riemann integral, sequences and series of functions, uniformity, interchange of limit operations. 8.03- Mechanical vibrations and waves; simple harmonic motion, superposition, forced vibrations and resonance, coupled oscillations, and normal modes; vibrations of continuous systems; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity. Optics; wave solutions to Maxwells equations; polarization; Snells Law, interference, Huygenss principle, Fraunhofer diffraction, and gratings. 8.033- Intro to Special Relativity. Normally taken by Physics majors in their sophomore year. Einsteins postulates; consequences for simultaneity, time dilation, length contraction, and clock synchronization; Lorentz transformation; relativistic effects and paradoxes; Minkowski diagrams; invariants and four-vectors; momentum, energy, and mass; particle collisions. Relativity and electricity; Coulombs law; magnetic fields. Brief introduction to Newtonian cosmology. Introduction to some concepts of general relativity; principle of equivalence. The Schwarzchild metric; gravitational red shift; particle and light trajectories; geodesics; Shapiro delay. 8.07- EM II. Survey of basic electromagnetic phenomena: electrostatics, magnetostatics; electromagnetic properties of matter. Time-dependent electromagnetic fields and Maxwells equations. Electromagnetic waves, emission, absorption, and scattering of radiation. Relativistic electrodynamics and mechanics. 8.286- Introduction to modern cosmology. First half deals with the development of the big bang theory from 1915 to 1980, and latter half with recent impact of particle theory. Topics: special relativity and the Doppler effect, Newtonian cosmological models, introduction to non-Euclidean spaces, thermal radiation and early history of the universe, big bang nucleosynthesis, introduction to grand unified theories and other recent developments in particle theory, baryogenesis, the inflationary universe model, and the evolution of galactic structure. [This, by the way, is taught by the infamous Alan Guth, who not only developed the idea of cosmic inflation but also applied it to the stack of papers on his desk.] SP.417J- Intro to Black Studies. Interdisciplinary survey of people of African descent that draws on the overlapping approaches of history, literature, anthropology, legal studies, media studies, performance, linguistics, and creative writing. Connects the experiences of African-Americans and of other American minorities, focusing on social, political, and cultural histories, and on linguistic patterns. Includes lectures, discussions, workshops, and required field trips that involve minimal cost to students. CMS.100- Intro to Comparative Media Studies. Offers an overview of the social, cultural, political, and economic impact of mediated communication on modern culture. Combines critical discussions with experiments working with different media. Media covered include radio, television, film, the printed word, and digital technologies. Topics include the nature and function of media, core media institutions, and media in transition. 21L.011- The Film Experience. An introduction to narrative film, emphasizing the unique properties of the movie house and the motion picture camera, the historical evolution of the film medium, and the intrinsic artistic qualities of individual films. Syllabus changes from term to term, but usually includes such directors as Griffith, Chaplin, Renoir, Ford, Hitchcock, De Sica, and Fellini. 21W.785- Communicating with Web-Based Media. Analysis, design, implementation, and testing of various forms of digital communication through group collaboration. Students are encouraged to think about the Web and other new digital interactive media not just in terms of technology but also broader issues such as language (verbal and visual), design, information architecture, communication and community. Students work in small groups on a term-long project of their choice. Various written and oral presentations document project development. Next up on the MitBlog: Candy circuits, notes from my kitchen experimentation lab book, plus a certifiable tonnage of bacon.

Battle of Blore Heath - War of the Roses

The Stages Of The Auto Body Repair - 931 Words

The 8 Stages of the Auto Body Repair Process For the average car owner, the concept of collision repair produces vague images of guys in coveralls hammering away at dented fenders, smoothing out the work, and then painting over it. That may have been a fairly workable, if not crude, description many years ago, but modern auto body repair is a bit more complex. Automotive design and government standards on safety and fuel economy have transformed auto body repair into a science compared to those days. While many customers might be content just to see the end result, an understanding of the typical auto body repair process offers valuable insight. Once you know what goes into restoring a car to its original state after a collision, it helps to not only take some mystery out of the process, but also gives a greater understanding of the costs and time involved in restoring a car that’s been wrecked back to like-new condition. The following is an example of a typical auto body repair process from start to finish. The specifics will vary from one collision center to another, but the basic steps below offer a general guideline for what to expect when your car needs some auto body work. Stage 1: Auto Body Repair Estimate Auto body repair begins with an inspection of the vehicle by an estimator at the collision repair center where the work will be done. The results of the inspection are documented, photos of the vehicle are taken, and the information is passed on to the insuranceShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Inflammation And Cancer On Cancer Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesBackground The role of inflammation in cancer The primary development of cancer results from the increase in proliferation of an aggregation of cells in a specific location in the body. Cancer also develops in three phases: initiation, promotion, and progression, which becomes important when explaining the role inflammation plays in its growth. Inflammation has a large part in the development and progression of the cancer and these contributions are eminent. These studies that have shown the relationshipRead More Different Types of Stress Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pagesfor such an event, the body increases its heart rate and blood pressure; more blood is then sent to your heart and muscles, and your respiration rate increases. There are a variety of steps that stress will take biologically on your body. To prepare for such an event that may be stressful, the body increases its heart rate and blood pressure; more blood is then sent to your heart and muscles, and your respiration rate increases. In the first stage of stress, alarm, the body mobilizes its fightRead MoreAutomobile Car Body Is Made From Other Grades Of Low Alloy And Low Carbon Steels1236 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION †¢ Automobile car body is made from various grades of low alloy and low carbon steels that are prone to corrosion in the absence of proper surface protection [1,2]. Therefore, car body is traditionally coated with primer, followed by paint for better corrosion resistance. However, due to process complication, design intricacy and other issues, it is often observed that despite of applying several layers of primer and paint on the car body, it suffers from General, Pitting, and CreviceRead MoreKey Standards For Building An Internet Of Things Business.1651 Words   |  7 Pageskey standards for building an Internet of Things business The Internet of Things (IoT) can possibly touch each part of our lives-from our bodies to our groups to our work spots to a completely associated world. It likewise guarantees to enhance our prosperity, raise our personal satisfaction, increment efficiency, and cultivate better participation and coordinated effort. IDC gauges that in 2020, there will be $8.9 trillion in IoT-related incomes. The IoT showcase keeps on being solid, with IoTRead MoreQuick Description Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdisplay on the Fundable homepage. Use keywords, but don’t simply list them. It should brief, cohesive, and attention-grabbing. An on-demand marketplace for home, auto, health, and beauty services. Public Profile Meet JustGotThat! 3-5 sentence â€Å"quick pitch† outlining key takeaways that will be explored in more depth within the body of the profile. JustGotThat! is the only open on-demand services marketplace that empowers consumers to make informed decisions by providing the information and assurancesRead MoreHurricane Devastation Of Hurricane Katrina1355 Words   |  6 Pagesreported seeing bodies lying in city boulevards and coasting in still- overwhelmed segments, particularly in the east of the city. Katrina has torn piece of the top of stadium, where numerous looked for asylum (in content). Palm Tree has been felled, shops wrecked and autos flung crosswise over boulevards strewn with smashed glass. Typhoon Katrina influenced 19% of U.s. oil generation. Storms Katrina (and a more diminutive past Hurricane Rita) annihilated 113 seaward oil and gas stages, harmed 457Read MoreSupply Chains Essay3277 Words   |  14 PagesQuestion #2-Define the supply chains for the following products from the first source of raw materials to the first customer. A) Big Mac, B) Gasoline, C) Automobile repair, D) A Text book. Supply chain, its management, performance measures and improvement approaches. As an extension of the systems point of view, the system dynamics inherent in the supply chain are illustrated and the coordination in the supply chain is emphasized. Five areas where measurement of supply chain performance shouldRead MoreWhat Is Fat Injection ( Auto Fat Grafting Fat Graft )?1696 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Fat injection (auto fat grafting; fat graft; fat transfer) ? Fat injection is not just (to swell) an empty area in order to increase the size. It is actually a three-dimensional art work that highlights the most beautiful elements and details of an area has lost its luster, glory, and beauty vanished due to loss of some tissue volume. It is a re-balance and harmony of lights and shadow on the surface ...... (Philosophy Dr. Wael Saadeldeen in cosmetic surgery) © Fat is a natural rich repositoryRead MoreStem Of The Technology Classroom1512 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious calculations such as gear ratios, pitch circle diameters and belt pulley sizes. STEM In the technology class: One day while spending some time teaching year 10 VET Construction, we had an English/Drama teacher drop in to ask about having some stage props built for the school production. We were going over some trigonometry calculations for roof truss construction on the white board and she seemed surprised to see such a high level of mathematics in a tech class. I took that opportunity to remindRead MoreSample Resume : Automatic Car Jack3420 Words   |  14 Pagesof life on which I am about to embark. I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to my mentor Mr. Sumit Sharma for his cordial support valuable information and guidance which helped me in completing this task through various stages. Lastly, I thank almighty, parents, brothers, sisters, friends for their constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible. Abstract With the expanding

Human Rights Violation †Child Soldier Free Essays

Human Rights Violation (Child Soldier) What do you think of when you hear the term â€Å"Child Soldier†? You probably think of a normal child who has been trained to become an armed soldier from his early childhood. No, the reality is that child soldiers still do exist in many parts of the world. First of all, what do you mean by child soldiers? Child soldiers are any children under 18 years of age who is a member of the armed forces or an armed group. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights Violation – Child Soldier or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, child soldier has been one of the major issues in the economy of human civilization. It has fore mostly impacted many countries from developing and moving a step forwards in their humanitarian activities. So, as a relation of us towards the development of humanity and human civilization, every individual in this world should try their best to erase this particular violation or term â€Å"Child Soldier† from history. As briefly discussing about this particular human right violation, this violation has been one of the major issues in Canada and many other countries. As concisely defining this topic, a child soldier is any children under 18 years of age who is part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or armed group in any capacity. The definition also includes girls recruited for sexual purposes and for forced marriage. It does not, therefore, only refer to a child who is carrying or has carried arms. Children are more likely to become child soldiers if they are displaced from their homes, separated from their families, living in combat zones or have limited access to education. Children may join armed groups as the only way to guarantee daily food and survival. In some situations, children may ‘voluntarily’ take part in warfare, not realizing the dangers and abuses they will be subjected to. Most likely these children are responding to economic, cultural, social and political pressures. As discussing different facts about Child Labour in Canada and worldwide, the major fact has been estimated that over 300,000 children – boys and girls under the age of 18 – are today involved in more than 30 conflicts worldwide. Children are used as combatants, messengers, porters and cooks and for forced sexual services. Some are abducted or are recruited by force. Others are motivated to join by poverty, abuse and discrimination, or to take revenge for violence endorsed against them or their families. These children are subjected to unimaginable violence and torture by serving in both government armies and rebel groups. Commanders often hassle them with drugs and alcohol. These children are repeatedly abused, and disposed of when they are supposed useless or ineffective. Close to 2 million children have been killed in conflict in the case of child soldier since 1996. Children are the rising stars of our nation and humanity. One should try to protect and educate good things to them rather than conflicting these silly behaviours to those little blameless souls. According to Canada’s law, a person caught doing this crime is heavily punished and penalized against the community. Back in 2002, Canada signed on to an international treaty aimed at rehabilitating child soldiers. In fact Canada was the first nation to ratify the child soldier – optional protocol to the convention on the rights of a child. Since then, many different rules and laws have been made in order to stop child soldier in the nation. As of all these facts and discussion on this particular human violation, these violations is still a problem in the world and in Canada and researchers are busy, laws are being made and punishments are ready for those criminals. As the children are the future developers of our world and community, they should not be treated in this way. In fact, they should be cared and loved as they are the ones who are going to get rid of all the crimes in the world and make this congested world a peaceful world. So child soldier should be stopped, if still seen, all the population should be united and raise a voice against the government to be strict in this particular violation and give hard punishments to the criminals and bring peace in the world. How to cite Human Rights Violation – Child Soldier, Papers

Death in Cross Cultural Perspectives free essay sample

There are different mourning ceremonies, traditions, and behaviors to express grief, but the concept of permanent loss remains unchanged in cross cultural setting. With this paper I will identify cross-cultural perspectives on death and dying, and will analyze multiple beliefs relating to death phenomenon. Furthermore I will identify different cultural mourning ceremonies and will analyze their impact on grieving process and coping mechanisms. Death is a universal phenomenon, but individual responses to death vary widely from culture to culture. In effort to explain the concept of death, many different cultures bring a significant symbolic meaning to the dying process in terms of rituals, ceremonies, and bereavement practices. Grieving and funeral rituals vary greatly across cultures and, in most cases, are associated with religious practices and beliefs. People tend to look at the death phenomena through the scope of their religious beliefs and often relate their personal experiences with death to cultural norms and traditions. Our culture affects the length of grieving process, mourning ceremonies, and even influence the way we cry during funerals. The mystery of death is often associated with fear and anxiety, thus it is easier for people to relate indefinite death concept to something that makes sense and brings comfort. Death in Latino culture According to Lobar, Youngblut and Brooten (2006), Latino death rituals are heavily influenced by religion, especially Catholicism, which underlines an importance of connection between the living and a deceased person, through prayer. Death is not something the majority of Hispanics fear, because many of them perceive death as a journey. The dying process is closely related to religious practices, such as prayers, hearing the confession of the dying, communion, and a blessing. Ongoing support is essential element of dying and grieving process, and in this particular culture it is unacceptable to let people die alone. The loyalty to a dying person and care that ill person receives during the last journey is very prominent in Latino culture. Death concept in Hispanic culture is closely related to family obligations, which is evident by the care that Hispanic family renders to a dying person during last moments. After death occurs, the family still prefers to stay with the body during burial preparation to pray and to watch over the body. Prior funeral a wake is held, which is a very social event where an extended family has a chance to get together, serve food and drinks, and enjoy each others’ company. Candles and flowers are essential decorating attributes of wakes and funerals. A funeral follows a wake, and during funeral family has a chance to say last goodbyes to their loved one. Emotional expression of grief is important attribute of Latino cultures which is often evident during funeral ceremonies where women cry loudly and use their body language openly. It is not unusual to put personal items into the casket with the person who has passed away for their journey in the afterlife, which also serves as an example of a finial gift from a family (Lobar, Youngblut Brooten, 2006). Burial follow a funeral, because majority of Hispanics oppose cremation, which is also related to their religious beliefs and importance of placing a body in the ground. Most Hispanics believe that someday the dead will arise and return to life, which significantly influences their burial preferences. It is crucial for Hispanics to be buried next to other family members to keep them company and to arise together someday (Lobar, Youngblut Brooten, 2006). Spiritual connection with the dead is also one of the important elements of Latino culture, which is demonstrated by frequent gravesite visits and praying to spirits. Death is always associated with separation, which leads to sorrow, and grief; however cultural perceptions and beliefs help to look at death from a different perspective and perceive death as a natural state that can be approached with love, respect, dignity, and tremendous family support. Latino culture supports their dying people during the last journey, and believes in afterlife, which gives them hope and helps to overcome unbearable grief of permanent loss. Death rituals in Africa African culture demonstrates a strong connection with deceased person, and believes that only a correct burial will bring a dead person peace. People n Africa strongly believe in spiritual life, thus their main goal during burial ceremonies is to address a spirit of a deceased person. An African funeral begins with removal of the body from home, which is done through a previously made hole in the wall of the home. Africans remove a dead body through the hole, instead of a door, to confuse a spirit and m ake sure that a spirit of a deceased person will not return back home, as a hole in the wall is immediately closed after removal of the body. In effort to confuse a spirit even more, they place thorns and sticks in a zigzag pattern along the way as body being taken to the place of burial. Blackely et al, 1994). In the religions of Africa, life does not end with death and people tend to believe in power of the dead, thus many families often pray to spirits and ask them not to come back and cause any trouble. Death is perceived as the beginning of connection with visible and invisible worlds. One of the funeral rituals include special preparation of a home, such as smearing windows with ashes and turning pictures and other reflective objects face down to ensure that deceased person is detached from a living, and to promote smooth transition into different world. The beds are usually removed from deceased’s bedroom and mourning women sit on a floor or a mattress. According to African culture, if correct funeral is not observed, a dead person may come back and bother the living. The funeral preparation takes approximately from seven to thirteen days, which gives the community members a chance to visit and give the last respect to a deceased (Mbiti, 1969). The funeral ceremony usually begins before the sunrise, because people believe that bad spirits usually sleep early in the morning. The pastoral care during funeral preparation is very important for comfort and encouragement. According to Blackely et al (1994), African funerals simultaneously mourn for the dead and celebrate life. An animal is usually killed during funerals to avoid bad luck, but it also has a practical purpose, such as providing food for family and neighbors. In many communities women and unmarried adults are not allowed to attend funerals, as well as close family members are not allowed to speak or take any vocal part in the funeral ceremony. The community involvement during African funerals is a great example of psychosocial and emotional support during mourning process, which draws people together and promotes healthy grief. Jewish rituals There are many different beliefs in Judaism, thus funeral rituals and ceremonies vary greatly. According to Jewish laws, practices, and beliefs, a soul returns to heaven immediately after death, thus the body has to be buried as soon as possible, usually within 24 to 48 hours (Lobar, Youngblut Brooten, 2006). Mourners show their grief by wearing a black ribbon and by performing only minimal grooming and bathing. Mirrors or other reflective objects may be covered and family remains with a deceased and talks about a deceased. Prayers, citations of Psalms and learned passages from the Talmud are essential elements of the Jewish funerals (Ribner, 1998). According to Clements et al (2003), a body should be treated with respect due to belief that it is a temple of a soul. There is a special ritual of body preparation, where women prepare a female body and men are responsible for preparing a male body. All jewelry must be removed from the body, and the body is washed twice, and is treated almost if it was still alive. The prepared body is laid on the floor with candles around it, and the body is never left alone. There is no embalming and the body is clothed or wrapped and put into wooden coffin, so the body and the box can return entirely to earth. Traditional Jewish funerals are symbolic representations of spiritual connection with God. The funeral ceremonies are based on purity, simplicity and dignity. According to Jewish tradition, wealthy and poor are equal before God, thus the body must be buried in the same type of garment regardless of financial and social status. According to Jewish religion, death is only a part of a process, and after death a soul continues on. Jewish people believe in afterlife, which gives them hope and helps to deal with grief. The importance of family is recognized throughout Jewish mourning ceremonies, which value family privacy during first seven days of mourning process, where close family gets together and have a meal of condolence that include eggs and bread. According to the belief, eggs symbolize life, which is a great example of attitude towards death and strong belief in afterlife (Madsen, 1999). Cross cultural perspective Death is a universal phenomenon, but funerals ceremonies and rituals vary greatly across cultures and religions. Many cultural groups carry their own beliefs and perceptions, which help them with the grieving process and adaptations strategies. Death carries a feeling of a permanent loss, which is very difficult for people to accept. According to Kastenbaum (2007), bereavement is a universal experience, which carries many painful responses, including depression, distress, fear, and misery. Our inner state feelings are universal, however or external expressions are different. Our culture and religious beliefs are essential elements of adaptation strategies and coping techniques. Believing in afterlife in Christianity, Judaism, and many other religious groups gives people hope, helps to alleviate grief, and promotes healthy adaptation process. Strong extended family support during mourning process helps to share unbearable grief among family members and serves as an excellent source of encouragement. Strong community involvement is extremely beneficial during bereavement, which helps to take care of financial struggles and provides psychosocial support. Cross cultural rituals help people express their grief according to their beliefs. Almost every funeral ceremony is family oriented, which is designed to bring extended family together, to celebrate life, and to set the background for healthy grief. There are many similarities and differences in beliefs and practices on death and dying. But for many cultures and religious groups a funeral is a final act of love, respect, devotion, and family gathering.